Automatic tracking system



May 13, 1947- G. E. WHITE ET A1. 2,420,334

AUTOMATIC' TRACKNG SYSTEM Filed Jan. 25, 1943 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 ay 13, 1947. G, E WHITE ET AL 2,420,334

AUTOMATIC TRACKING SYSTEM Filed Jan. 25, 1945 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 COMPUTER TRA/VSM! 775/? me ,05 l 132 /0/ SELECTOR sw/ c 96 INVENToRs SCAN/VER r 4%TTORNEY May 13, 1947- GQ E. WHITE ET AL 2,420,334

AUTOMATIC TRACKING SYSTEM Filed Jan. 25, 1945 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 SCAN/VER 26 COMPUTER 7RAMS'M/ TTER INVENToRs f 1W GVFFo/m E. Wf//YE 27 127 BY/c//Ano aA/Non/Es ATTORNEY SCAN/VER Patented May 13, 1947 UNITED TES AUTOMATIC TRACKING SYSTEM Application `ll'anuary 25, 1943, Serial No. 473,560

(Cl. Z50-1.54)

21 Claims.

The present invention concerns radio-directed re control systems, and is especially adapted for use in aircraft. The invention relates particularly to Systems similar to that described in copending application `Serial No. 441,188, for Radio gun control system, filed April 30, 1942, in the names of C. G. Holschuh et al.

In iire control systems for aircraft, it is desirable to have guns arranged to be aimed at all angles relative to the craft and also to have sighting instruments and directors capable oi operation in any direction relative to the craft. Systems providing such overall coverage may be described as spherical systems for the reason that they are capable` of directing operations throughout a sphere having the aircraft at its center and extending any desired distance from the craft.

In scanners that have been used for projecting radiant energy beams for aircraft for re control purposes, mechanical limitations have been such that the individual scanners were unable to cover more than a hemisphere due to the dimculty in mounting the scanner a sufficient distance from the body of the craft. Previousradio-'directed re control systems have only been capable of aiming guns at targets located within a hemisphere extending from one portion, usually the nose, of the craft.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a radio-directed fire control system capable of directing guns into the entire sphere surrounding the craft.

Another object of the invention is to provide a radio-directed re ycontrol system with scanners arranged to track targets located at any point within the entire sphere surrounding the aircraft.

A further object of the invention is to provide a radio-directed fire control system for tracking targets located at any points Within the entire sphere surrounding the aircraft, and automatically training guns on said target.

A further object of the invention is to provide a-radio-directed fire control system having a pair oi scanners for projecting radiant energy beams into two complementary hemispheres with means controlled by said beams for causing guns on the aircraft to track targets located in said hemispheres, and to automatically shift the control of said guns from one of the scanners to the other as the target moves from one hemisphere to another.

A still further object of the invention is to provide a radio directed fire control system having two scanners for projecting radiant energy beams into two complementary hemispheres with means for causing one scanner to track a target and means to cause the other` scanner to be positioned in accordance with the movements of .the rst scanner.

A still further object of the invention is to provide spherical scanning in a radio directed re control system by arranging two scanners, each operative to project a radiant energy beam in one of two complementary hemispheres, with means for causing one scanner to follow the target While the other scanner is positioned in accordance with the movements of the rst scanner and means for automatically switching from one scanner to the other as the target moves from one hemisphere to the other.

In accomplishing these objects, two systems similar to that disclosed in the above-mentioned copending application, Serial No. 441,188, may be used for scanning two complementary hemispheres whereby one system may be used to track a target and to control the second system. The second system is thereby constantly positioned to begin tracking at any time the target moves from one hemisphere to the other.

Scanners for projecting radiant energy beams into the two hemispheres adjacent the aircraft may be arranged at any two opposite points ofthe aircraft such as the top and bottom, nose and tail, or on opposite sides. All of these arrangements will give substantially the same results in so far as the iire control system herein described is concerned. However, to simplify the following description it will be assumed that the two scanners are arranged in the top and bottom of the fuselage of an aircraft.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description and accompanying drawings, in which Fig. l is a diagrammatic view showing the invention with two scanners arranged above and below the fuselage of an aircraft.

Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship and cooperation of the various elements in a system embodying one form of the invention.

Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a system embodying a modified form of the invention.

As shown in Fig-1 a pair of scanners designated, generally by the reference numerals l and 2, are arranged in nacelles 3 and l extending above and below the fuselage 5 of an aircraft. Each of the scanners has a parabolic reector 6 for directing a beam of radiant energy into a portion of space adjacent the aircraft. A suitbe tracked by the lower scanner 2.

3 able mechanism I is provided to cause the reflector 6 of each of the scanners to scan the portion of space toward which it is directed. These mechanisms may be of any suitable form, as will hereinafter appear. High frequency radiant energy, usually modulated with a short pulse, is supplied from a transmitter 8 through a Wave guide 9 to a microwave switch I 0 that is arranged to selectively direct radiant energy to the scanners I and 2, respectively.

A receiver I I is provided for receiving that portion of the energy which may be reflected from a distant object to one of the reliectors G. Energy reflected to the reiiectors in this manner is transmitted through microwave switch ID and wave guides 9 and I2 to the receiver I I.

The pattern defined by the radiant energy beam projected from the scanners I may be similar to that described as conical scanning in the above-mentioned copending application Serial No. 441,188 whereby the position of a target relative to the spin axis of the scanner is determined by the phase relationship between the reilected signal and reference voltages generated by the scanner. This phase relationship is utilized by control box I3 to produce an output signal corresponding to the displacement of the spin axis of the scanner from the target. As described in the above-mentioned copending application Serial No. 441,188, this signal is transmitted to suitable servo mechanisms for correcting the position of the scanner to align its spin axis with the target.

In the present invention a cam I4 is rotated in accordance with the position of the scanners in elevation. A switch I5 is moved by said cam to connect the output of control box I3 to the scanner that is tracking the target. Thus, when a target is above the ship, the upper scanner I will track, whereas a target below the ship will As shown in Fig. 1, the cam I4 is in a position corresponding to that in which the lower scanner 2 is tracking the target and contact I6 of switch I5 connects control box I3 to the scanner 2. Another contact Il of the switch I5 connects suitable selfsynchronous position transmitters I8 through a control box I9 to the upper scanner I. This connection provides means whereby the scanner I will be positioned in accordance with the movements of the scanner 2. Both scanners will at all times be in the same azimuth position so the scanner I will be positioned at all times to begin tracking the target should it move from the portion of space covered by scanner 2 to the portion of space covered by scanner I.

When the target moves from one of the portions of space to the other, cam I4 will move switch I 5 to its opposite contacts. This will connect the output of control box I3 to the scanner I thus causing this scanner to track the target. The outputs of self-synchronous data transmitters 40 on the scanner I are then applied through l control box I9 and switch contact I6 to cause the scanner 2 to follow the position of the scanner I.

The data transmitters I8 and 4l) are arranged to actuate a suitable servo system 2| that controls a computer 22 in accordance with the position of the scanner that is tracking the target. The computer 22 acts through suitable controls 23 to aim various guns in the aircraft at the predicted position of the target as computed from the information supplied from the servo system 2 I It is not necessary that the guns aimed by the computer operate in the same portions of space 4 or hemispheres as those in which the scanners I and 2 project radiant energy. The same guns may be used to re at targets that move from one of the portions of space to another.

Fig. 2 shows in more detail a system similar to that described in connection with Fig. 1 but in which the various elements for controlling the positions of the respective scanners and for Synchronizing the operations of the scanners is more specifically illustrated.

In this system a pair of scanners, designated generally by the reference numerals 26 and 21, are supplied with high frequency radiant energy from a transmitter 28 through a suitable microwave switch 29. Reected energy that is picked up by the scanner 26 is supplied to a receiver 3| while energy reflected to scanner 27 is supplied to a receiver 32. This reflected energy is utilized to cause the respective scanners to track a target and also actuates suitable controls to position a computer 33. The computer 33 utilizes information supplied from the scanner tracking the target to aim one or more guns at the target. One form of a computer suitable for this purpose is described in copending application Serial No. 411,186 for Inter-aircraft gun sight and computer, iiled September 15, 1941, in the names of Carl G. Holschuh and David Fram.

Considering first the equipment for the upper scanner a reflector 34'. is provided for motion about a nod axis A and a spin axis C. This scanner is also arranged for adjustment in elevation and azimuth by mechanisms to be hereinafter described. One form of such a scanner is described in. copending application Serial No. 438,388 for Scanning devices, filed April 10, i942, in the names of L. A. Maybarduk et al.

l't will be apparent, however, that other types of scanners may be used without departing from the present invention. For example, separate antennae systems. and associated reflectors could be employed for transmitting and receiving the radiant energy. When separate antennae are used, either or both oi them may be used to scan the portion of space they are intended to cover.

Ultra high frequency energy from transmitter 23, usually modulated by a short pulse, is supplied through micro-Wave switch 29 and wave guide 35 to the wave guide of the scanner and then is radiated in a beam directed by the reilector 34.

Reference voltages, corresponding to the nod and spin movements of the reflector, are generated by the scanner 25 in a manner such as that described in the above-mentioned copending application Serial No. 441,188. These reference voltages are supplied to an amplifier 36 through suitable connectors 3'! and 33. The amplifier 35 is also supplied with signals corresponding to the reflected energy that is received by a receiver 3! through a suitable T-R box 39.

The T-R box 39 is adapted to pass relatively weak signals such as those resulting from received reflected energy, but is adapted to block out relatively high intensity signals such as the energy supplied to the scanner by transmitter 28. One form of a T-R box suitable for this purpose is clearly described in copending application Serial No. 406,494 for Radio apparatus, filed August 12, 1941, in the names of J. Lyman et al.

rlhe output Voltage of amplifier 36 varies in accordance with the phase differential between the signal from the receiver 3i, corresponding to the received reflected energy, and the reference voltages supplied by connectors 3l and 38. This output is connected through another amplifier 4I and a control box i2 to a suitable servo mechanism'designated generally at '43, such as the Well known Vickers drive, for positioning the scanner in elevation and azimuth in accordance with the voltages from amplifier B. The purpose of the control box ft2` is to govern the limits of operation and to prevent undesired movements of the scanner.

The output of azimuth servo mechanism i4 operates through suitable reduction gearing 45 and bevel gears 46 to rotate a shaft il which in turn acts through bevel gears #i8 to rotate a pinion lie 'cna shaft '55. The shaft 51 rotates a gear 52 on the support for the scanner 2s to adjust the azimuth position of the scanner 1 in accordance with the output Aof amplier 3S.

. Elevation servo mechanism 551 rotates shaft 55, that acts through reduction gearing E to rotate bevel gears til which in turn operate through shaft t5.3 and-bevel gears 59 tovrotate a pinion El. The pinion El is geared lto one input 52 of a compensating differential 63. The other input 64 of the differential is geared to a pinion 85 that is moved in accordance with the azimuth changes of the scanner corresponding to the rotation of the shaft 41E'. Output dii of the differential t3 operates through a shaft Si, `reduction gears 28 and a pair of meshing spur gears 59 and E11 to rotate a shaft Rotation of shaft 'i1 is effective through bevel gears "i12 and a worm T13 to rotate a worm gear 'iii that varies the elevation position of the scanner 26 in accordance with the output of amplier.

As the scanner 2t is rotated in azimuth, the gear iii on shaft i1 will walk around the gear 69 that is held stationary except during adjustments in elevation. This causes the shaft li to rotate, thereby causing changes in elevation when only changes in azimuth are desired. Such undesired movement is compensated by connecting the azimuth movement of Ashaft il to one of the inputs te of thedifferential 63. It will thus be seen that movements of the scanner in azimuth will cause the output of differential ES to move gears till and 694m a manner to hold shaft 'l1 stationary whereby shaft l1 will only be moved when changes in elevation are desired, and input t2 of the differential is rotated.

The rotation of shafts 11'1 and 58 correspond to the changes in azimuth and elevation, respectively, of the scanner 25. These shafts are arranged to rotate suitable self-synchronous transmitters '1S and 'Vi which are arranged to supply data to` the computer corresponding to changes in azimuth and elevation, respectively. The signais generated by these transmitters are connected through suitable connectors '18 and '19 and a selector switch 81 to servo mechanisms 82 and B3 for positioning the computer 33. These self synchronous transmitters 16 and '1'1 may be of a ldesired type such as Selsyn, Autosyn, or Telegon transmitters.

The computer 33 is arranged to aim one or vmore guns at the particular position of a target in response to the input data derived from the movements of the scanner 26. A computer suitable for this purpose is described in copending application Serial No. 4.11.186 for Inter-aircraft gun sight and computer, iiled December 17, 1941, in the names of C. G. Holschuh et al.

As may be seen from the foregoing description, the system thus far described is similar in'operation to that described in the above-mentioned copending application Serial No. 441,188. The present invention includes `a similar system ..6 for controlling computer '33 in accordance with the movements of the lower scanner 21 as it adjusts its reflector B9 to track a target.

This second systeml includes a wave guide 91 5 for supplying high frequency energy from transmitter 23 through microwave switch 29 to the scanner Z'. Reflected energy received by the scanner is fed `through a T-R box 92 to receiver '32 and then to an amplifier 93 corresponding to the previously described amplifier 3S.

Reference voltages generated by the scanner 21, similar to those from the scanner 2S, are supplied through connectors 94 and 95 to the amplier 93, the output of which corresponds'to the displacement `of spin axis D-D of the scanner '2l from the target. This output is supplied to a suitable amplifier Qt which actuates a control box 9'1 that controls a suitable servo mechanism d8 having elevation and azimuth outputs 9g and 131, respectively. The rotation of the outputs 99 and 101 corresponds to the voltages supplied by anipliiier `$33.

The azimuth output i is connected through suitable reduction gearing 192, a shaft 1113, and bevel gears 1M, to rotate a shaft 195 in accordance with the azimuth displacement required to move the spin axis of the scanner '2l on to the target. The shaft 165i drives bevel gears to rotate a shaft 1p1 which acts through Vpinion 1513 to position gear iiiS on the support of the scanner 2 in the desired azimuth position.

The elevation output 99 of the servo mechanism operates through suitable reduction gearing Hi, shaft 41:12 and bevel gears 1i?. to posi-tion a `shaft 1.!41 in accordance with the vchange in elevation desired. Shaft 11d rotates one input i115 of a compensating differential 1115 through bevel gear iii and a spur gear 118. The other input 115 o-f the differential 16 is rotated in accordance with the changes in the azimuth position of the scanner for the same reason Yas that described above in connection with the scanner V26. The output I-Zi of differential 195 is supplied through va shaft E22, gears 123 and 124 to rotate a shaft E25 which in turn rotates worm 126 through bevel gears 12T to position worm gear 123 in accordance with the elevation of the scanner 2'1 required.

The elevation and azimuth positions of the 50 scanner 2l are transmitted to the computer `33 by suitable self-synchronous transmitters V51 and 132, respectively. These transmitters supply signals through selector switch t1 to the servo control mechanisms 82 and 83 of the com- 55 puter 33 in a manner similar to that described above in connection with transmitters i6 and il. The self-synchronous transmitter iti and i32 may be of any desired type such as Selsyn,

Autosyn, or Telegon transmitters.

The two radio gun control systems thus far described may be used individually to control computer 33 by adjusting the selector switch 81. When arms l and 131 are on contacts 138 and 113s, the outputs of the self-synchronous 65 transmitters 131 and 132 will be supplied to the computer 33; the outputs of self-synchronous transmitters 16 and '1l or the upper scanner -f will be disconnected from the computer. By moving the arms 13S and 131 to contacts E41 and 70 1152, respectively, transmitters 35 and 132 will be disconnected and transmitters i6 and '11 connected to the computer.

When the arms 135 and 13: and arms U33 and 1&4 are moved to contacts 145, M5, 1471, and 75153, respectively, the outputs of the transmitters 116 and |32 will both be connected to azimuth servo mechanism 82 of the computer 33. Likewise the outputs of transmitters 11 and |3| will both be connected to elevation servo mechanism 83 of the computer 33. With the selector switch in the last-named position, the two scanning systems will be arranged for automatic operation and will be synchronously controlled to automatically follow the same target from the portion of space covered by one scanner to the portion of space covered by the other scanner.

Assuming scanners 26 and 21 are both adapted to direct radiant energy beams into a portion of space equivalent to a hemisphere, it will be seen that the two hemispheres will have substantially the same base since the scanners are mounted at diametrically opposed points on the fuselage of the aircraft. It has been found desirable to have each of the scanners cover slightly more than a hemisphere whereby an overlap of a small amount, such as three or four degrees, between the portions of space covered by the respective scanners is provided.

With this small overlap, both scanners will be capable of tracking the target for the comparatively short interval during which it passes from one hemisphere to the other. As a result of the operation of synchronizing mechanisms, to be hereinafter explained, the two scanners will be arranged in identical azimuth and elevation positions during this short interval.

The apparatus for selectively operating th'e two systems and for synchronizing them includes a cam that is mounted on the shaft 58 which is rotated in accordance with the changes in elevation of the scanner 26. This cam is divided into two 180 portions, one of which h'as a cam surface higher than the other. A switch |52 is actuated by a cam follower |53 that is moved by cam 5| to close the switch during 180 of rotation in which the higher cam surface engages the follower.

When the follower passes to the lower cam surface of the cam |5|, the switch |52 is open. The

cam |5| is arranged on the shaft 58 so the follower |53 will move from the higher to the lower surface at the same instant that the scanner 26 moves through zero elevation. This switch, when closed, supplies energy to a plurality or" relays, each of which operates a double throw switch. 'Ih'ese latter switches are alternatively closed in one position or another depending upon whether or not the relay is energized. The function of the individual relay switches will be more fully described in connection with other portions of the apparatus.

As is explained in the above mentioned copending application Serial No. 441,188, it is desirable to first manually control the position of the scanners before beginning automatic tracking in order that the operator may select a particular target to be tracked. This manual tracking is also desirable in the present system, whether the scanners are being operated individually or are synchronized. When the system is set for synchronous operation as by placing the contact arms of the switch 8| in the last position to connect both scanner systems with the computer, the computer is operated manually and the scanners follow the computer until one of the scanners is directed toward the target.

Assuming for purposes of the following description that the selected target is in th'e lower hemisphere, cam |5| will be in a position shown in the drawing causing the switch |52 to be open. When the switch |52 is open, relay |58 for the microwave switch 26 is adjusted so the switch is directing energy from transmitter 28 to the lower scanner 21. The movements of the Computer 33 in response to manual control of the operator are supplied through suitable self-synchronous elevation and azimuth position transmitters |54 and |55 to relays |56 and |51, respectively.

The switches controlled by relays |56 and |51 connected, as shown in Fig. 2, to direct signals from transmitters |54 and |55 to an amplifier |58, the output of which is varied in accordance with the signals supplied from the computer. This output is fed to another amplifier 96 which controls servo mechanism 98 to position the scanner 21 in accordance with the manual operation of th'e computer 33. In this manner the computer may be adjusted until the scanner 21 is substantially on the desired target. When this is accomplished the system may be set for automatic tracking operations in a manner such as that described in the above-mentioned copending application Serial No. 441,188. The scanner 21 will then begin tracking the target in accordance with the received signals which are supplied to receiver 32 and are fed through ampliers 93 and 96 to control the servo mechanism 98.

Transmitters |3| and |32 are energized with' alternating current from a suitable source |6| through relay switch |62 which is set in the position shown in the drawing. The transmitters |3| and |32 therefore control the position of the computer 33 through servo mechanisms 82 and 83.

As may be seen from the drawings, the output of transmitter |3| is connected to the transmitter 11 through switch' contact |48, switch arm |54, and connector 19. Transmitter |32 is similarly connected to the transmitter 16 through switch contact |61, switch arm |153, and connector 18. When the switch |52 is open, relay switch |83 disconnects transmitters 16 and 11 from the alternating current source. When the switch |52 is in open position as shown in the drawing, the signals of transmitters |3| and |32 corresponding to the elevation and azimuth positions of th'e scanner 21 are supplied to transmitters 11 and 16, respectively. The positions of the transmitters 11 and 16 are adjusted in accordance with the elevation and azimuth movements of the scanner 26. Therefore the outputs of transmitters 16 and 11 are dependent upon the position of the scanner 26 as well as the voltages from transmitters |3| and |32. These outputs are supplied through a relay |63 to a suitable amplifier |6G which converts them into signals adapted to be supplied to amplifier 4| to control servo mech'anism 43 for positioning the scanner 26.

The signals supplied from transmitters 16 and 11 to the amplifier |64 will cause servo mechanism 43 to adjust the scanner 26 until the transmitters reach synchronous position, at which time the azimuth positions of the scanners 26 and 21 will be identical. The elevation positions will, of course, be different since the movements of the scanner 26 are limited substantially to a single hemisphere. Hence the elevation of the scanner 26 will be approximately zero but it will follow the changes in the azimuth position of the scanner 21 and thus be ready at all times t0 begin tracking the target should it move from the lower to the upper hemisphere.

When the target approaches zero elevation with respect to the. two scanners, they will both begin tracking` andthey will move synchronously elevation aswell asin azimuth. As the target passes through zero elevation the scanner 2 will assume control and begin` tracking the target alone, due to the fact that cam |5| will, close switch |52 and thus reverse the position of, the relays |50, |56., |51, 2 and |63 from the posi,- tions that are shown in the drawings.

This change in the positions of the relays will cause microwave switch 28 to feed energy through the transmitter to the upper scanner 2,5. Should it now be desiredtoutilize manual tracking, the data from the computer 33 will be supplied through relays |56 and |51 to an amplier |66 that is similar to the amplier |58. The amplifier. IEB is arranged to supply signals for controlling servo mechanism |3,i n accordance with the position of computer 3 3.

Relay |62 will disconnect transmitters |3| and |32. from the alternating current source |E| and connect these transmitters to a suitable amplier |61, similar to amplier |54, Transmitters 15 and 11 may be connected by the relay lto the source lilv of alternating current. These transmitters will now be energized and will supply data, corresponding to the azimuth and elevation positions` of the scanner 26, tothe computer 33through selector switch 8|.

The outputs of transmitters 'i6 and 11 will also be supplied from selector switch 3| to transmitters |32 and |3I, respectively, for controlling the azimuth and elevation positions of the scanner 21. The outputs Ot transmitters 63|` and |32 will depend upon the position of the scanner 21 as well as the voltages from transmitters 1t and 11. When the outputs of the transmitters |31` and |32 are connected to the amplier |61, Servo mechanism 9 8 is actuated to adjust the` scanner 21; until the` transmitters |3| and |32 reach positions that are synchronous with transmitters 16 and 11.

By this apparatus, the uppel` scanner 2li will track the target either manually or automatically, and the scanner 21 will be positioned to begin tracking the target in a. manner similar to that previously described.

The fire control system described is primarily intended for tracking operation, either manual or automatic. If desired, the system may also be used for searching operations. The most advantageous arrangement for searching would be to have the spin axes of the two scanners directed in opposite directions. This may be accomplished by inserting a 180 phase shifting device |1| in the connections between transmitterzs |3| and 11, as b y opening a shorting switch |1 Y.

Such a phase shifter will enable the two scanners to be positioned 180 apart in elevation. Assuming the scanners to both have zero elevation at the time the phase shifter is inserted, the normal synchronous operation of the system will cause the scanners to be positioned in the same azimuth position. Thus, if the lower scanner is moved to a position so `its spin axis is perpendicular to the ship, the upper scanner will be moved in the opposite direction until its spin axis is also perpendicular to the ship.

When the two scanners are arranged in this l manner, their spin axes will lie in diametrically opposite positions. By using spiral scanning with the two scanners, it is possible to obtain spherical scanning as described in copending application Serial No. 471,780 for Fire control systems, filed January 8, 1943, in the name of` G. E. White. The microwave switch 29 would becontrolled through a connector |13, leading from the control panel, to supply radiant, :energy to both scanners.Y Energy reected to then scanners would be supplied to their respective receivers 3| and 32. The receivers then might be utilized" tocontrol a pair of cathode ray tubes (not shown) to indicate the relative positions` of alltarg'ets. within the sphere surrounding the ship.

This searching operation ordinarily precedes the tracking operations previously describ'ed'to present tothe nre control oiiicer information that will enable him to select the target ortargets' on which the guns will concentrate their re.n 'It is obvious that a separate system, such as 'that described in the aforementioned copending application Serial N o. 411,780, may be used in corijunction with the present system to proyi'd'e searching operations at the same time that they present system is tracking. f

The system illustrated in Fig. 3, is quiteA similar to that previously described in connection with4 Fig. 2, except that somewhat different arrangements are providedy for synchronizing the positions of the two scanners. In` order to avoidunnecessary description of this gure, identical referenceV designations have been given to thoseelements shown in Fig, 3 which have corresponding, elements in Fig. 2.

It will be apparent that the two scanners 2e and 2l of Fia 3 and their related equipment are. Jthe same as those shown in Fig. 2. Thesescannersr are supplied with high frequency energy by a transmitter 2,8 through microwave switch 2,8, and energy reflected to the scanners is detectedby receivers 3| and 32, respectively. Servo mechnsms t3. and 98 are actuated by ampliclls Si and 93 to` causey the respective scanners to tracl; a target in response to signals from receivers 3l and 32. A computer 33 is supplied with` data corresponding to the positions of the respective scanners by means oi transmitters 'l and 1J. for the scanner 25 and transmitters |3| and ?2 for the scanner 21. These signals are supplied through a selector switch Si, whereby either one or both of these scanners signals may be supplied to the computer.

The respectivev scanners may be controlled manually from the computer signals from transmitters |565 and through relay switches |5 and |51, which selectively supply the computer signals to amplifiers |555 and litt. It will be apparent that the operation of this portion of the system is substantially the same as that described in connection with Eig. 2.

Transmitters 1li and 11 are energized from a suitable source 56| of alternating current through a relay switch iti that is closed when the upper scanner 26 is tracking the target. This relay switch is similar to the switch |63, but it does not supply the signals from transmitters 1B and 11 to position the upper scanner when the lower scanner 21 is tracking the target, as is the case in the system shown in Fig. 2.

When the lower scanner 21 is tracking the target, the transmitters |3| and |32 are energized from the source itil by a relay switch |82 that is then closed. At this time relay switch is! is opened. It will be seen that the transmitters 1t and il will supply signals to the computer when the upper scanner is tracking, while transmitters 63| and |32 will supply signals to the computer when the lower scanner is tracking.

in, the following description oi the mechanism l1 for synchronizing the positions of the two scanners, it will be assumed that the upper scanner is tracking, whereby the cam |51 will cause switch |52 to be closed, as shown in the drawing. The positions of the relay switches will also be as shown in the drawings.

The mechanism for synchronizing the positions of the two scanners comprises a pair of split synchronizing rings, the segments of which are insulated from each other. These rings are rotated in accordance with the azimuth and elevation positions of the respective scanners. Each of the rings is provided with a trolley contact that is positioned in accordance with the azimuth and elevation position of the opposite scanner.

Upper scanner 26 has a pair of synchronizing rings |86 and |81 for elevation and azimuth, respectively. The ring |85:` is rotated by a pinion |88 on shaft 58 in accordance with the elevation position of the scanner, and ring |81 is rotated by a pinion |89 on shaft 11 in accordance with the azimuth position of the scanner. Similar rings |9| and |92 for the lower scanner are positioned in elevation and azimuth, respectively, by pinions |93 and |96 on shafts Hfs and |95.

The shafts H4 and |95 also rotate the rotors of self-synchronous transmitters |95 and |99. These transmitters may be of any suitable type, such as self-synchronous transmitters known as Selsyns, Telegons, or Autosyns The outputs of these transmitters are connected to corresponding self-synchronous receivers |91 and |98 that position trolley contacts |99 and 29| on the elevation and azimuth synchronizing rings |86 and |81 for the scanner 29. Similarly, selfsynchronous transmitters 292 and 293 on the shafts 58 and 41 are connected to self-synchronous receivers 292 and 265 that position trolley contacts 205 and 291 on the elevation and azimuth synchronizing rings |9|, 92 for the lower scanner 21.

Each of the trolley contacts |99, Elli, 296 and 201 may be connected to a suitable source of direct current 208. The contacts |99 and 20| for the upper scanner 26 are connected to the source 208 through a relay switch 299 that is open, as shown in the drawing, when the upper scanner is tracking. The contacts 299 and for the lower scanner 21 are connected to the source v2ll8 through a relay switch 2 I that is closed when the upper scanner is tracking.

Each of the segments 2|2 and 223 of the ring |89 is connected to the input of a suitable amplier 2 I4, the output of which is supplied to amplifier 4| to position the scanner 26 in elevation and azimuth through the operation of servo mechanism 43. Similarly, segments 2|5 and 2|6 of the ring |81 are connected to the input of an amplier 2|1, the output of which acts to position the scanner 26. Segments 2|8 and 2|9 of the ring |9| are connected to the input of an amplifier 22 l, the output of which is supplied to amplifier 96. The amplifier 96 thus controls servo mechanism 98 to position the lower scanner 21 corresponding to the elevation and azimuth positions of the upper scanner. In like manner, segments 222 and 223 of split ring |92 are connected to an amplifier 221| which acts through servo mechanism 98 to position the scanner 21.

When the upper scanner is tracking, a voltage will be supplied from source 203 through relay switch 2`|| to the trolley contacts 299 and 291. These contacts are positioned on the synchronizing rings |91 and |92 for the lower scanner in accordance with the elevation and azimuth positions of the upper scanner. The rings |9| and |92 are positioned in accordance with the elevation and azimuth positions of the lower scanner 21.

It will be apparent that when the two scanners are in diierent elevation and/or azimuth positions, the voltage from source 298 will be supplied through one of the segments of the synchronizing rings to amplifiers 22| and/or 224'. The outputs of these amplifiers will be supplied to.v amplifier 96 which will then actuate servo mechanism 98 to adjust the position of the scanner until the synchronizing rings |9| and |92 are rotated sufficiently to position the insulated portions thereof opposite the trolley contacts 205i and 201.

In a similar manner, when the lower scanner is: tracking, relay switch 299 will be closed, and relay switch 2 will be open, whereby voltage from. source 299 will be supplied to trolley contacts |99! and 26|, which are positioned in accordance with the elevation and azimuth positions of the lower' scanner 21. When the scanners 23 and 21 are in dissimilar positions, voltages will be supplied tol ampliiiers 2M and/or 2|1 which will actuate amplier 4|, thereby causing servo mechanism 43 to`v adjust the position of scanner 26 until rings |89 and |91 are rotated an amount sufcient to position their insulated portions opposite the trolley contacts. When this position is reached, the scanner 25 will be synchronized with the scanner- 21.

As has been previously explained, when one scanner lis tracking, the other scanner follows it only in azimuth since mechanical limits pre-v vent the scanners from operating through 360 in elevation. Each of the scanners 26 and 21 is adapted to project a radiant energy beam into any portion of a hemisphere. In addition, these scanners may overlap a small amount, such as 3 or 4, in order to insure tracking the target at all times.

Assuming scanner 26 is tracking the target, the switch |52 and the various relay switches will be positioned as shown in the drawing. As the target approaches zero elevation, the scanner 21 will begin tracking in synchronism with scanner 25, but under the control of scanner 26, by means of the synchronizing mechanism heretofore explained. As the target actually passes through zero elevation, the scanner 21 will assume control, and the scanner 26 will track the target synchronously therewith through the amount of its overlap into the hemisphere covered by scanner 21.

As has been previously pointed out, the systems illustrated and described in detail herein are for complementary hemispheres above and below an aircraft. However, each of these systems may be adapted to scan complementary hemispheres arranged on opposite sides, fore and aft, or at any other two diametrically opposed points on the aircraft.

By providing scanning for two complementary hemispheres, complete coverage of the sphere surrounding the aircraft is accomplished. Thus, the two scanning devices are arranged to alternatively track the target in response to radiant energy reflected therefrom and to follow the position of the tracking scanner, thereby being positioned at all times to begin tracking the target should it move from one hemisphere to the other.

Although the systems described herein utilize scanners covering entire hemispheres, it is contemplated that the scanners could be adjusted to cover any desired portion of space. For example, the coverage of one scanner might be enlarged to cover three-fourths of a sphere, While the other scanner covered only one-fourth of the sphere. It is also contemplated that more than tWo scanners could be used to cover various portions of the sphere. It will be apparent, therefore, that the scanners may cover any desired portion of space without departing from the invention.

As many changes could be made in the above construction and many apparently Widely difierent embodiments of this invention could be made Without departing from the scope thereof, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

What is claimed is:

1. An automatic tracking system, comprising means for projecting radiant energy into space, a pair oi positionable devices having directional characteristics for collecting energy reflected from objects located in separate portions of said space, means responsive to said reflected energy for causing one of said devices to track an object, and means actuated by said one device for positioning the other of said devices to begin tracking said object when it moves between said portions of space.

2. An automatic tracking system, comprising means for projecting radiant energy into space, a pair of positionable devices having directional characteristics for collecting energy reflected from objects located in separate portions of said space, a control mechanism responsive to said reflected energy for selectively causing one oi said devices to track an object in a rst of said portions of space, and a second control mechanism responsive to the position of the tracking device for positionincr the other of said devices to begin tracking when said object moves into a second of said portions oi space.

3. An automatic tracking system, comprising means for projecting radiant energy into space, a pair of positionable devices having directional characteristics for collecting energy reflected from objects located in separate portions of said space, a control mechanism responsive to the said reected energy for selectively causing one of said devices to track an object in a first of said portions of space, a second control mechanism responsive to the position of the tracking device for positioning the other of said devices to begin tracking when said object moves into a second of said portions of space, and means responsive to the respective positioning of said devices for `connecting said control mechanisms to said devices in accordance with the portion of said space in which the object beingtr-acked is located.

4. An automatic tracking system, comprising means for projecting radiant energy into space, a pair of positionable devices having directional characteristics for collecting energy reflected from objects located in separate portions of said space, manually operated means for positioning one of said devices to track an object-located in a iirst of said portions of space, a control mechanism responsive to reflected energy for causing said one device to track said object. and second control mechanism responsive to the position oi the tracking `device for positioning the other of said devices to begin tracking when said object moves into a second of said portions of space.

5. An automatic tracking system, comprising means for project-ing radiant energy into space, a pair of positionable devices having directional characteristics for collecting energy reflected from objects. located in separate portions of said space, manually operated means for positioning one-of said devices to track an object located in a rst or" said portions of space, a control mechanism responsive to said reiiected energy for causing said one device to track said object, a second control mechanism responsive to the position of the tracking device for positioning .the other of said devices to begin tracking when said object moves into a second of said portions of space, .and means responsive to the respective positioning ofV said devices for connecting said control mechanisms to said devices in accordance with the portion of said space in which .the object being tracked is located.

6. An automatic tracking system, comprising a pair of directional electro-magnetic transducers positionable to move their respective directivity axes over separate predetermined portions of space, means for receiving energy radiated from an object, a control mechanism responsive to the reception of said radiated energy for causing one of said transducers to track an object in a rst of said portions of space, and a second control mechanism responsive to the position of the tracking .transducer for positioning the other of said transducers to begin tracking When the object moves into a second of said portions ci space.

7. An automatic tracking system, comprising a `pair of directional electro-magnetic transducers positionable to move their respective directivity axes over separate predetermined portions oi' space, means for receiving energy radiated from an object, a control mechanism responsive to the reception of said energy for causing one of said transducers to track an object in a rst of said portions of space, a second control mechanism responsive to the position of lthe tracking transducer for positioning the other of said transducers to begin tracking when the object moves into a second of Ysaid portions of space, and means responsive to the respective positioning of said transducers for connecting said control mechanisms to said transducers in accordance With the portion of space in Which the object being tracked is located.

8. An automatic tracking system, comprising a pail' of directional electro-magnetic transducers positionable to move their respective directivity axes over separate portions of space, means for receiving that portion of energy reflected from an object, manually operated means for positioning one of said transducers to track an object located in a iirst of said portions of space, a control mechanism responsive to the reception of said reiectedrenergy for positioning said one transducer to track said object in a rst of said portions of space, and a second control mechanism responsive to the position of the tracking transducer for positioning the other of said ransducers to begin tracking when the object moves into the second of said portions of space.

9. An automatic tracking system, comprising a pair of directional electro-magnetic transducers positionable to move their respective directivity axes over separate portions of space, means for receiving that portion of energy reflected from an object, manually operated means for positioning one of vsaid transducers to track an object located in a rst .of said portions of space, a control mechanism responsive to the reception of said l reiiected energy for causing said one transducer to track said object in a first of said portions of space, a second control mechanism responsive to the position of the tracking transducer for positioning the other of said transducers to begin tracking when the object moves into the second of said portions of space, and means responsive to the respective positioning of said transducers for connecting said control mechanisms to said transducers in accordance with the portion of said space in which the object being tracked is located.

10. A nre control system, comprising means for projecting radiant energy into space, a first positionable device having a directional characteristic for collecting energy reflected from an object in one portion of said space, a second positionable device having a directional characteristic for collecting energy reiiected from an object in a second portion of said space, a control mechanism responsive to said reflected energy for selectively positioning one of said devices to track an object in its respective portion of space, a second control mechanism responsive to the position of the tracking device for positioning the other of said devices to begin tracking when said object moves between said portions of space, and means actuated by movements of the tracking device for supplying target position data to apparatus for positioning guns.

11. A lire control system, comprising means for projecting radiant energy into space, a pair of positionable devices having directional characteristics for collecting energy reflected from objects located in separate portions of said space, manually operated means for positioning one of said devices to track an object located in a first of said portions of space, a control mechanism responsive to said reflected energy for positioning said one device to track said object, a second control mechanism responsive to the position of the tracking device for positioning the other of Said devices to begin tracking when said object moves into a second portion of said space, and means actuated by movements of the tracking device for supplying target position data to apparatus for positioning guns.

12. A fire control system, comprising means for projecting radiant energy into space, a pair of positionable devices having directional characteristics for collecting energy reflected from objects located in separate portions of said space, a control mechanism responsive to said reflected energy for causing said one device to track said object, a seco-nd control mechanism responsive to the position of the tracking device for positioning the other of said devices to begin tracking when said object moves into a second portion of said space, means actuated by movements of the tracking device for supplying target position data to apparatus for positioning guns, and means responsive to the respective positioning of said devices for selectively connecting said control mechanisms to said devices in accordance with the portion of said space in which the object being tracked is located.

13. A nre control system, comprising means for projecting radiant energy into space, a pair of positionable devices having directional characteristics for collecting energy reflected from objects located in separate portions of said space, manually operated means for positioning one of said devices to track an object located in a rst of said portions of space, a control mechanism responsive to said reflected energy for causing said one device to track said object, a second control mechanism responsive to the position of the tracking device for positioning the other of said devices to begin tracking when said object moves into a second portion of said space, means actuated by movements of the tracking device for supplying target position data to apparatus for positioning guns, and means responsive to the respective positioning of said devices for selectively connecting said control mechanisms to said devices in accordance with the portion of said space in which the object being tracked is located.

14. An automatic tracking system, comprising means for projecting radiant energy into space, a pair of positionable scanners having directional characteristics for collecting that portion of said energy reflected from objects located in separate portions of said space, a mechanism for each of said scanners adapted to control the direction of said scanners relative to their respective portions of space, means responsive to the reception of said reflected energy for contro-lling one of said mechanisms to cause its corresponding scanner to track an object, and means responsive to the position of said tracking scanner for controlling the other of said mechanisms to position its corresponding scanner to begin tracking when said object moves between said portions of space.

15. An automatic tracking system, comprising means for projecting radiant energy into space, a pair of positionable scanners having directional characteristics for collecting that portion of said reflected energy from objects located in separate portions of said space, a mechanism for positioning a first of said scanners to adjust the direction thereof relative to a first portion of said space, a mechanism for positioning the other of said scanners to adjust the direction thereof relative to a second portion of said space, means responsive to the reception of energy reflected from an object in one of said portions of space for controlling one of said mechanisms, means responsive to the position of said tracking scanner for controlling the other of said mechanisms to position its corresponding scanner to begin tracking when said object moves between said portions of space, and a device responsive to the respective positioning of said scanners for selectively connecting said two last-mentioned means to said mechanisms in accordance with the portion of space in which said object is located.

16. An automatic tracking system, a comprising means for projecting radiant energy into space, a pair of positionable scanners having direction characteristics for collecting that portion of said energy reflected from objects located in separate portions of said space, a mechanism for positioning a first of said scanners to adjust the direction thereof relative to a rst of said portions of space, a mechanism for positioning the other of said scanners to adjust the direction thereof relative to a second portion of said space, means responsive to the reception of energy reiiected from an object in one of said separate portions of space for controlling one of said mechanisms to position one of said scanners to track said object, means responsive to the position of said one scanner for controlling the other of said mechanisms to position its corresponding scanner to begin tracking when said object moves between said portions of space, a device for selectively connecting said two last-mentioned means to said mechanisms, and means responsive to movements of said scanners for actuating said device to reverse the connections of said lastmentioned means to said mechanisms when said i 17 object being tracked moves between said portions of space.

17. A re control system, comprising a pair of positionable scanners adapted to be directed toward separate portions of space, means for Supplying radiant energy to each of said scanners for projection into said portions of space, means for receiving energy reflected to said scanners, a mechanism for positioning a first of said scanners to adjust the direction thereof relative to a rst of said portions of space, a mechanism for positioning the other of said scanners to adjust the direction thereof relative to a second of said portions of space, means responsive to the reception of energy reflected to one of said scanners from an object located in one of said separate portions of space for controlling one of said mechanisms to position said one scanner to track an object, means responsive to the position of said one scanner for controlling the other of said mechanisms to position its corresponding scanner to begin tracking when said object moves between said portions of space, a device for selectively connecting said two last-mentioned means to said mechanisms in accordance with the portion of space in which said object is located, and means responsive to the position of said mechanisms for supplying target position data to apparatus for positioning guns.

18. An automatic tracking system comprising a pair of directional devices for collecting energy radiated from objects located in separate portions of space, means responsive to said collected energy for causing one of said directional devices to track an object in one of said portions of space, and means actuated according to movement of said one device for positioning the other device to begin tracking said object when it moves into the other portion of space.

19. In an automatic tracking system, the combination of a pair of electromagnetic transducers having directivity axes movable over separate portions of space, control means responsive to energy received from an object in a first of said portions of space for moving the directivity axis of one of said directional transducers t0 track said object, and means responsive to the movement of said one transducer for positioning the other of said transducers to begin tracking said object when it moves into a second of said portions of space.

20. An automatic tracking system comprising a pair of directional electromagnetic transducers positionable to move their respective directivity axes over adjacent portions of space having an overlapping zone over which the directivity axes of both of said transducers are movable, means responsive to energy received from an object for moving the directivity axis of one of said transducers to track said object in one of said portions of space, and means responsive to the movement of the directivity axis of said transducer for positioning the directivity axis of the other of said transducers to begin tracking said object when it moves into said overlapping Zone, said last-named means being constructed and arranged to elect synchronous movement of said directivity axes within said overlapping zone.

21. An automatic tracking system, comprising a pair of directional electromagnetic transducers positionable to move their respective directivity axes over separate predetermined portions of space, means for receiving energy radiated from an object, means responsive to the reception of said energy for causing one of said transducers to track said object, and means responsive to the position of said tracking transducer for positioning the other of said devices to begin tracking said object, when it moves between said portions of space.

GIFFORD E. WHITE. RICHARD C. KNOWLES.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the iile of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,467,154 Hammond Sept. 4, 1923 2,176,469 Moueix Oct. 17, 1939 

